But when he noticed several adults walk past the man, he concluded that the man did not need any help. that most people like women more than men. Another example includes people who feel benevolent toward traditional women but hostile toward nontraditional women. The jury deliberated on the rape case for over 8 hours. One explanation is that historical biases were widespread and institutionalized. For example, someone high in SDO would likely be upset if someone from an outgroup moved into her neighborhood. Compared with nonplayers, people with extensive exposure to violent video gaming display ________ desensitization to violence, and they are ________ likely to help an injured victim. Monoamine oxidase A (MAOA) is sometimes called the ________ gene. This effect has been researched by many psychologists and linked to many theories related to group . In some countries, women who have been raped are sometimes sentenced to punishment for having violated a law against adultery. a. 97 terms. Because the attributes of group categories can be either good or bad, we tend to favor the groups with people like us and incidentally disfavor the others. the tendency to favor our own group. Which branch of psychology is most connected with the study of how people think about, influence, and relate to one another, Attribution theory was designed to account for, Ksana insists that her boyfriends car accident resulted form his carelessness. Biases can explicit (overt and conscious) or more implicit (automatic, ambiguous, and ambivalent). The tendency to favor ones own cultural group over other groups is known as A) elitism. Under the proper circumstances, most people can suppress their natural aggressiveness. She is a skydiver as well as a tennis player. What are the demand functions in this case? Research on the biology of aggression has clearly demonstrated that: Raised in a society that places a premium on individual achievement and uniqueness, Americans seem to develop a tendency to focus on the characteristics of the individual in making attributions. d. aggression. QUESTION 23 The tendency to apply one's own cultural values in judging the behavior and beliefs of people raised in other cultures is known as cultural relativism cultural universalism ethnocentrism egocentrism QUESTION 24 Foraging societies practice what . Table 12.2 The Collective Self-Esteem Scale. This phenomenon is known as ________. One example of ratee bias is egocentric bias, which is best described as the tendency to: a. evaluate one; The tendency to underestimate the influence of external factors and overestimate the influence of internal factors when making judgments about the behavior of others is: A) consistency. Es gratis registrarse y presentar tus propuestas laborales. 2. If people do not want to invite Margaret on vacation because they fear that she will move too slowly (a common view of older people) then they are discriminating against her. C) more readily comply with a large request if they previously complied with a small request. Even ordinary people, without any particular hostility, can become agents in a destructive process. a. warrior D) the effects of exposure to violent pornography. If word-of-mouth hiring practices in an all-White business have the effect of excluding potential non-White employees, the practice could be called: Bill is often described as judgmental, ethnocentric, and punitive. Flashcards, matching, concentration, and word search. How often do you hear people criticizing groups without knowing anything about them? Peter Principle: The Peter Principle is an observation that the tendency in most organizational hierarchies , such as that of a corporation, is for every employee to rise in the hierarchy through . Rudman, L. A., & Ashmore, R. D. (2007). Narcissism is the tendency to view one's own culture or group as superior to others is a false statement. Universal dimensions of social cognition: Warmth and competence. Stereotypes and prejudice: Their automatic and controlled components. ____________ can be defined as any physical or verbal behavior that is intended to hurt or destroy. A loss of self-awareness and self-restraint in group situations that foster arousal and anonymity. For example, a job interviewer might have two qualified applicants; a man and a woman. Confirmation bias occurs from the direct influence of desire on beliefs. ethnocentrism . Model: Je vais visiter\ldots Je vais voir\ldots Je vais (faire)\ldots, Search words: myswitzerland.com: une histoire d'eau For example, when our awareness of our attitudes and of our actions clash, we can reduce the resulting dissonance by changing our attitudes, adjusting ones behavior or thinking to coincide with a group standard, influence resulting from a persons desire to gain approval or avoid disapproval, influence resulting from ones willingness to accept others opinions about reality, stronger responses on simple or well-learned tasks in the presence of others, the tendency for people in a group to exert less effort when pooling their efforts toward attaining a common goal than when individually accountable, the loss of self-awareness and self-restraint occurring in group situations that foster arousal and anonymity, the enhancement of a groups prevailing inclinations through discussion within the group. (Social) unjustifiable negative behavior toward a group and its members. d. physical attractiveness. After discussing why each of them believes this to be so, they all conclude that Ms. Akey is definitely a much better teacher than Mr. Schwenke. Developed Social Learning Theory, where children learn through watching AND imitating actions. The tendency to see the beliefs, values, and customs of one's own culture or group as "right" or "natural" is called a. ethnicity. This episode provides an example of, A business leader who welcomes a variety of opinions from subordinates and invites experts' critiques of her company's developing plans is most likely to inhibit. Membership. Research on gender attitudes conducted by Alice Eagly and her associates (1991) and Geoffrey Haddock and Mark Zanna (1994) suggests: Greenwald and his colleagues (2003) asked both Black and White participants to press a "shoot" button when the target appeared to be holding a gun rather than a harmless object such as a flashlight. a. Chinese people tend to look pretty much alike. Misra, S., Le, P.T., Goldmann, E. & Yang, L.H. This best illustrates: The mode of thinking that occurs when the desire for harmony in a decision-making group overrides a realistic appraisal of alternatives. maxxa+ysubjecttopx+y=m. Use each of these words in a sentence that reflects the word's meaning in the chapter. We commonly say that we should not label others but we cannot help but do so. Social psychologists have developed several ways to measure this automatic preference, the most famous being the Implicit Association Test (IAT; Greenwald, Banaji, Rudman, Farnham, Nosek, & Mellott, 2002; Greenwald, McGhee, & Schwartz, 1998). Such a question would be preposterous if you were only surrounded by members of your own group. c. deindividuation. C) selective perception. (Extremes). b. physical attractiveness. 6. Instead, it measures how quickly people make judgments about the goodness or badness of various groups. Since 1946, the average midterm loss for the president's party is 25 seats. Highly dominating, highly authoritarian personalities. According to Gallup's polling . For example, the interviewer might hold a negative view of women and, without even realizing it, act distant and withdrawn while interviewing the female candidate. This reaction is best explained in terms of. Social comparison and social identity: Some prospects for intergroup behaviour. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like modern racism, ingroup bias, been more racially prejudiced than others and more. The tenency to favor our own group: Term. Male 1: Maybe more than anybody else. For example, if two classes of children want to play on the same soccer field, the classes will come to dislike each other not because of any real, objectionable traits about the other group. Reduction in feelings of personal burden in the presence of others. They are automatic, ambiguous, and ambivalent, but nonetheless biased, unfair, and disrespectful to a belief in equality. Attitude change path in which people are influenced by incidental cues, emotional responses such as a speaker's attractiveness. Being audience-centered means a speaker must sacrifice what she or he really believes to get a favorable response from . A specific case of comfort with the ingroup is called aversive racism, so-called because people do not like to admit their own racial biases to themselves or others (Dovidio & Gaertner, 2010). ethnocentrism.d. For the following sentence, make corrections in end mark, period, and comma usage as needed. Unjustified negative action towards a member of a group because they belong to that group. The girls' belief best illustrates: Daniel does not get the desired salary hike during his annual appraisal. B) This best illustrates, Social loafing referes to the tendency for people to, Exert less effort when they pool their efforts toward a common goal. The theory that we act to reduce the discomfort (dissonance) we feel when two of our thoughts (cognition) are inconsistent. Ethnocentrism. Consider the utility maximization problem, maxxa+ysubjecttopx+y=m\max x^a+y \quad \text { subject to } p x+y=m (Fiske, Cuddy, & Glick, 2007). The change in Raul's behavior best illustrates the impact of, A culture that promotes individualism is most likely to encourage, Participants in the Milgram obedience studies were ordered to, Deliver electric shocks to a learner for giving incorrect answers, Most people are likely to be surprised by the results of Milgram's initial obedience experiment because, The "teachers" were more obedient than most people would have predicted. exclusivity. In our soccer example, one set of children will focus on their own desire to play without really regarding the similar desire of the other class as equal and legitimate. They have relatively low levels of serotonin and high levels of testosterone. It pays the utility bill during July. Logic suggests, then, that because we like ourselves, we also like the groups in which we are members. In the context of distinctiveness, you are most likely to introduce your roommate to your friends as: When the British made a group of German civilians walk through a concentration camp at the close of World War II, one German responded: "What terrible criminals these prisoners must have been to receive such treatment." Not all stereotypes of outgroups are all bad. 29 terms. HLT 1353. chapter_12_answers - CHAPTER 12: CULTURE Multiple Choice 1. People have always and still do openly dehumanize outgroup members and harbor hostile attitudes toward them. Ingroup bias, or ingroup favoritism, is a bias in which people tend to favor people who exist in similar groups as them. A confirmation bias is cognitive bias that favors information that confirms your previously existing beliefs or biases. What entry (debit or credit) does the recipient record? D) the enhancement of a group's prevailing attitudes through group discussion. just-world phenomenon At its heart, SDO rests on a fundamental belief that the world is tough and competitive with only a limited number of resources. Racial stereotypes of one hundred college students. Its not that the person high in SDO wants to control what this outgroup member does; its that moving into this nice neighborhood disrupts the social hierarchy the person high in SDO believes in (i.e. On April 30, 2016, the petty cash fund contained vouchers totaling$171.40 plus $26.10 of currency. They believe they have good values, rational thoughts, and strengths. What is NOT a reason why watching media violence have negative consequences. Prejudice, Discrimination, and Stereotyping, Greenwald, Banaji, Rudman, Farnham, Nosek, & Mellott, 2002, Greenwald, Poehlman, Uhlmann, & Banaji, 2009, https://onlinepsych.pepperdine.edu/blog/prejudice-discrimination-coping-skills/, Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License. As a result, the White person may give a good excuse to avoid such awkward situations. d. oxytocin. For instance, Margaret might not be typical (or stereotypical) of an 80-year-old in that she regularly competes in organized half-marathons. The tendency for people in a group to exert less effort when pooling their efforts toward attaining a common goal than when individually accountable. It might be easy to dismiss the IAT findings of the all-too-human tendency toward faster, more favorable processing of ones own group. Katz, D., & Braly, K. (1933). Self-serving bias can spill over into the groups we identify with. Distinguish prejudice, stereotypes, and discrimination. Indicate the amount of expenses (if any) the firm recognizes during the months of June, July, and August in each of the following hypothetical transactions. Impact. Tell your classmates what you will visit and what you will do and see there. "Oh, no, never," the woman said. (tn dn si) n., pl. Which of the following is true of violent male criminals? Here, it is because this outgroup member brings in values or beliefs that the person high in RWA disagrees with, thus threatening the collective values of his or her group. Experience increasing attraction to novel stimuli that become more familiar. In the context of the relationship between religion and racial prejudice, if one defines religiousness as . After Manny's father refused to let him use the family car on Friday night, Manny let all the air out of the tires. In terms of basic social categories, the members of Nestor's cross-country ski club are the _____ and the members of the downhill ski club are the _____. Ingroup favoritismthe tendency to favor members of one's own group over those in other groupsis well documented, but the mechanisms driving this behavior are not well understood. Busca trabajos relacionados con All of the following are examples of measures of central tendency except o contrata en el mercado de freelancing ms grande del mundo con ms de 22m de trabajos. What is a FALSE statement regarding the research on microaggressions. This illustrates, Adjusting one's behavior or thinking toward a group standard is called, Research participants believed that the Ash conformity test involved a study of, Alex thinks smoking is addictive but other players on his hockey team insist that it's not. Just that morning, a court officer had confiscated a juror's copy of The New York Post with the case on the cover. The enhancement of a group's prevailing inclinations through group discussion is called, Nora, Ko, Ian, and May each think that Ms. Akey may be a slightly better teacher than Mr. Schwenke. (Mob Mentality), The enhancement of a group's prevailing inclinations through discussion within the group. Identities are not so simple, but maybe as the 21st century unfurls, we will recognize each other by the content of our individual character instead of against the backdrop of stereotypes. Answer 23:- Ethnocentrism is the tendency to view one's own cultu . Prejudice generally involves stereotyped beliefs, negative feelings, and a predisposition to discriminatory action, a generalized (sometimes accurate but often overgeneralized) belief about a group of people, unjustifiable negative behavior toward a group and its members, Uspeople with whom we share a common identity, Themthose perceived as different or apart from our ingroup, the theory that prejudice offers an outlet for anger by providing someone to blame, the tendency to recall faces of ones own race more accurately than faces of other races. 1. This shows that: The "we" aspect of our self-concept is what social psychologists call: people's motivation to avoid prejudice is internal. Employees were reimbursed when they presented petty cash vouchers to the petty cash custodian. B) an unjustifiable attitude toward a group and its members. Tajfel (1979) proposed that the groups (e.g. University of Houston. d. the fundamental attribution error. It was considered acceptable to openly disparage entire groups of people and to pass laws that restricted or harmed these groups. Social identity theory (Tajfel, Billig, Bundy, & Flament, 1971) describes this tendency to favor ones own in-group over anothers outgroup. As a result, outgroup disliking stems from this in-group liking (Brewer & Brown, 1998). These maps of the group terrain predict specific types of discrimination for specific kinds of groups. When people would like a certain idea or concept to be true, they end up believing it to be true. Measuring individual differences in implicit cognition: The implicit association test. b. the foot-in-the-door-phenomenon. Next, categorization can also lead to prejudice. d. father care. The point is that SDOa preference for inequality as normal and naturalalso predicts endorsing the superiority of certain groups: men, native-born residents, heterosexuals, and believers in the dominant religion. On your way to school one day, ask yourself how many types of vehicles breeze down Main St U.S.A., on the average? Prejudice. This comment is an example of: Describing positive behaviors by an ingroup member in terms of his or her general disposition, but describing the same behavior by an outgroup member as a specific, isolated act reflects: Elliot Aronson, Robin M. Akert, Samuel R. Sommers, Timothy D. Wilson, Elliot Aronson, Robin M. Akert, Timothy D. Wilson, iGCSE PE 10.1 Leisure and Recreation / The Gr. b. the just-world phenomenon. Intergroup bias. d. encouraging them to engage in more thoughtful moral reasoning. Both believe that the members of their own political party are more fair-minded and trustworthy than members of any other party. d. less; less, The Language of Composition: Reading, Writing, Rhetoric, Lawrence Scanlon, Renee H. Shea, Robin Dissin Aufses, Literature and Composition: Reading, Writing,Thinking, Carol Jago, Lawrence Scanlon, Renee H. Shea, Robin Dissin Aufses. This finding is an example of: In Europe, prejudice is often greater among those whose positive self-image is threatened. In order for a transaction to be recorded in a business accounting records, the effects of the transaction must be faithfully represented. d. encouraging them to engage in more thoughtful moral reasoning. Psychology questions and answers. b. exposing them to adult models of aggression. The scale, from Luhtanen and Crocker (1992), is shown in Table 12.2 "The Collective Self-Esteem Scale". D) Relating to several _____ is the tendency to attribute one's own characteristics to other people. Unfortunately, even when some countries have created legal protections, they thought that equality applied to only select groups. And a stereotypical old person would be seen as high in warmth but lower in competence. In the context of the relationship between religion and racial prejudice, if one defines religiousness as church membership, then the more religious people have ________. hide 31 types. (2020). This is an example of: individuals sometimes perform poorly when apprehensive about being stereotyped. Adjusting one's behavior or thinking to coincide with a group standard. Male 3: I don't want you looking over my shoulder all the time. This can be expressed in evaluation of others, in allocation of resources, and in many other ways. What was the highest marginal tax rate for married taxpayers in 1970? c. more; more This module focuses on biases against individuals based on group membership and against groups. Blatant biases (also called explicit biases) are conscious beliefs, feelings, and behavior that people are perfectly willing to admit, which express hostility toward other groups (outgroups) while unduly favoring ones own group (in-group). The nonverbal mediation of self-fulfilling prophecies in interracial interaction. Weddings are generally happy occasions (it is more appropriate to say congratulations than I am so sorry), they are formal affairs (people typically dress up), and they usually include food (you dont need to stop and eat before attending the wedding). 1. a natural or prevailing disposition to move, proceed, or act in some direction or toward some point, end, or result. a personality that is disposed to favor obedience to authority and intolerance of outgroups and those lower in status . Was the White person wrong because they will never learn to be comfortable if they avoid contact? Sherif planned a disruption of the water supply in a Boy Scout camp in order to observe how social relationships are influenced by, Pablo and Sabina argued bitterly about which of them should have use of the family car that night. Unit 23. The test itself is rather simple (and you can experience it yourselfhere). The IAT measures how quickly you can sort words or pictures into different categories. We categorize people according to their citizenship, gender, allegiance to a sports team, and university affiliation, among other qualities. Studies have revealed diminished activity in the ________ of violent criminals. Manson, J. H. (2020). Female 2: I can be hard to figure out Male 2: and I like my privacy. Categories, then, are becoming more and more uncertain, unclear, volatile, and complex (Bodenhausen & Peery, 2009). A situation in which the conflicting parties, by each rationally pursuing their self-interest, become caught in mutually destructive behavior. A) lack of critical thinking due to a strong desire for social harmony within a group. c. The need to be accepted by others is a powerful motivating force. By understanding this natural human tendency, you can focus on finding ways to cut other people a break and to stop expecting the worst. the tendency to favor one's own group quizlet the tendency to favor one's own group quizlet. D) the belief that victims of misfortune deserve their fate. Outgroup bias is the tendency to dislike or belittle members of groups that we don't identify with. Study Resources. Where stereotypes are related to thinking, prejudices are more emotional in nature. skepticism. Blatant bias is not a thing of the past, however. In other words, ingroup bias denotes positive feelings towards one's ingroup, while outgroup bias denotes negative feelings towards outgroups. direction a . d. the blame-the-victim phenomenon. nearness; the greater the exposure one has to another person, the more one generally comes to like that person. Hanna is a supervisor in the production unit of a textile company. b. prejudice. University students were observed to pull harder on a rope when they thought they were pulling alone than when they thought three others were pulling with them on the same rope. living in a nice neighborhood denotes ones place in the social hierarchya place reserved for ones in-group members). Iceland, for example, guarantees legal equality between men and women. other-race effect: the tendency to recall faces of one's own race more accurately than faces of other races. Although this is unfair, sometimes the automatic associationsoften driven by societys stereotypestrump our own explicit values (Devine, 1989). frustration-aggression principle., The tendency to favor one's own group, the group with whom we share a common identity, is called: a. a social trap. This means, potentially, that there is left-wing authoritarianism that promotes conventional progressive values and seeks to silence dissenting voices (Manson, 2020). Specifically, people see members of an outgroup as more similar to one another in personality than they actually are. Sadly, this can result in consequential discrimination, such as allocating fewer resources to disliked outgroups (Rudman & Ashmore, 2009). The theory that prejudice offers an outlet for anger by providing someone to blame. This is how the IAT works: measuring tiny differences in the time it takes you to make judgments. d. women tend to share similar attitudes about sex. For example, when our awareness of our attitudes and of our actions clash, we can reduce the resulting discomfort by changing our attitudes. This means seeing women, minorities, homosexuals, and non-believers as inferior. believing in the superiority of one's own ethnic and cultural group, and having a corresponding disdain for all other groups . They have been chosen for their school team to participate in a math competition against other local schools. In-group favoritism is an ambiguous form of bias because it disfavors the outgroup by exclusion. Today, there is a greater appreciation of the fact that not all biases are overt hostility based on a personal animosity toward members of a group. Although research has shown that people higher in SDO are more likely to be politically conservative, there are other traits that more strongly predict ones SDO. Female 1: I have my ups and downs just like anybody else. People are generally faster at pairing their own group with good categories. Greenwald, A. G., McGhee, D. E., & Schwartz, J. L. K. (1998). Although categorizing can be useful, it can also result in serious and negative consequences when labels are associated with a person or groups worth. An unjustifiable attitude toward a group and its members. d. sensory cortex. An increase in ________ has been followed by more positive attitudes between South African Whites and Blacks. The IAT is sensitive to very slight hesitations that result from having automatic or unconscious biases. . Like stereotypes, prejudice is a bias against people based on their group membership. Categories get more complicated when we apply them to humans. ppp and mmm, and check their signs. Whereas SDO emphasizes potential economic conflicts, RWA focuses on value conflicts. For example, rich people are often viewed as competent but cold. . In-group favoritism, sometimes known as in-group-out-group bias, in-group bias, intergroup bias, or in-group preference, is a pattern of favoring members of one's in-group over out-group members.