why is precision and accuracy important in measurement?

If he doesn't make many baskets but always strikes the same portion of the rim, he has a high degree of precision. They all capture or represent the extent to which the predicted values of the model deviate form the actual values. Accurately hitting the target means you are close to the center of the target, even if all the marks are on different sides of the center. Another source of confusion is the similarity among some of the formulas and understanding the distinction and difference between what they pragmatically measure. An example is how close a second arrow is to the first one (regardless of whether either is near the mark). Accuracy and Precision Scientists typically make repeated measurements of a quantity to ensure the quality of their findings and to know both the precision and the accuracy of their results. Article Summary: On a baseline level, measurements fall into the categories of weight, area, volume, length and even temperature. While 91% accuracy may seem good at first glance, another tumor-classifier model that always predicts benign would achieve the exact same accuracy (91/100 correct predictions) on our examples. It's a simple and useful calculation. But obviously, the best would be high accuracy with high precision or very consistent location measurements. Of the 100 tumor examples, 91 are benign (90 TNs and 1 FP) and 9 are malignant (1 TP and 8 FNs). There are two common definitions of accuracy. Point Accuracy The accuracy of the instrument only at a particular point on its scale is known as point a… Two other important skills to master are significant figures and scientific notation. Evaluating data, considering anomalous results. It is better to have an email classified as not spam when it is actually spam then have an email classified as spam when it actually isn’t. In other words, the predicted class and actual class coincide with one another. The consistency of repeated measurements. Precision is essential, precision is intricate, and precision is beautiful; more than anything else, precision is necessary. Each and every product has its own dimensions and measurements failing which the product will have defectives even if it is 0.1 percent of changes in the product. Accuracy and precision are both important if you want to measure anything and to make measurements you need some sort of instrument. Tips and Rules for Determining Significant Figures, How to Calculate Density - Worked Example Problem, The Difference Between Celsius and Centigrade, How to Calculate Experimental Error in Chemistry, Accurately Measure Elapsed Time Using Delphi Performance Counter, The Relative Uncertainty Formula and How to Calculate It, International Organization for Standardization, Ph.D., Biomedical Sciences, University of Tennessee at Knoxville, B.A., Physics and Mathematics, Hastings College. When it comes to components that are being used on a regular or daily basis, precision is of utmost importance. Making accurate observations. 10 Everyday Reasons Why Measurement is Important in your Life? Precision These terms are often used interchangeably, but in fact they mean different things. It is important to take note that while accuracy is being close to the target value, precision is defined as the values of a particular repeated measurement that is clustered but not necessarily close to the target value. ThoughtCo uses cookies to provide you with a great user experience. Accuracy is how close a measurement is to the correct value for that measurement. By Admin June 22, 2016. While we look at these various categories as stoic forms of mathematical measurements a closer examination of things we do in everyday life reveals their clear importance. The Importance Of Precision In The Manufacturing Industry. What Is the Difference Between Accuracy and Precision? Both accuracy and precision reflect how close a measurement is to an actual value, but accuracy reflects how close a measurement is to a known or accepted value, while precision reflects how reproducible measurements are, even if they are far from the accepted value. FP (False positive) means the model classified an observation to be positive when in reality it was actually negative. So accuracy means how precisely the measured value or findings reflect the real or the original values. Accuracy of a measured value refers to how close a measurement is to the correct value. Accuracy alone doesn’t tell the full story when you’re working with a class-imbalanced data set, like this one, where there is a significant disparity between the number of positive and negative labels. Accuracy. * The accuracy of a measurement is the difference between your measurement and the accepted correct answer. If you weigh yourself on a scale three times and each time the number is different, yet it's close to your true weight, the scale is accurate. Precision is essential, precision is intricate, and precision is beautiful; … Uncertainty is a quantitative measure of how much your measured values deviate from a standard or expected value. Accuracy and precision are only two important concepts used in scientific measurements. In measurement of a set, accuracy is closeness of the measurements to a specific value, while precision is the closeness of the measurements to each other. Thermometers often read more reliably within a certain range and give increasingly inaccurate (but not necessarily imprecise) values outside that range. Accuracy and precision is very important for pilots. Percent error is used to assess whether a measurement is sufficiently accurate and precise. It is always crucial to calculate the precision and recall and not to stop after accuracy. If you don’t understand how to interpret the results of a classification model then it will preclude you from being able to improve upon that model and properly implement it for the task that it is setting out to achieve. Precision in scientific investigations is important in order to ensure we are getting the correct results. From the 100 tumors that were classified, 91 were correctly classified (0.91 or 91 %). This is so because if you tell someone they don’t have cancer when they actually do then they can go untreated as the cancer progresses, whereas in the other situation more medical tests will be administered to confirm the diagnosis. It is crucial that this difference is understood, so you can improve your model to optimize for a specific metric. “Accuracy” is used to … In other words, our model is no better than one that has zero predictive ability to distinguish malignant tumors from benign tumors. In machine learning and statistics, these terms are technical and have a very specific meaning that don’t necessarily coincide with our everyday use of the words “precision”, “accuracy”, and “sensitivity”. Why or why not? Take experimental measurements for another example of precision and accuracy. Precision is how consistent results are when measurements are repeated. A player whose free throws always make the basket the exact same way has a high degree of both accuracy and precision. In this case, all the measurements would be very close to each other and "off" from the true value by about the same amount. As you may have gathered by this point, measurement accuracy and measurement precision are vital to determining the credibility or trustworthiness of your … This is especially true when it comes to measurements, as an inexact figure can negatively affect the entire process. Accuracy has two definitions: More commonly, it is a description of systematic errors , a measure of statistical bias ; low accuracy causes a difference between a result and a "true" value. Accurate– the result is close to a reference value or the average of the data is close to. While arguably they are equally important, today we would like to focus on the concept of repeatability and why it is so important in the field of metrology. Reproducibility is observed the same part is measured using the same drive by different operators. Accuracy can be one of the most important aspects to ensuring that a construction project runs smoothly. Why is it important to know the accuracy and precision of a measuring device? In measurement of a set, accuracy is closeness of the measurements to a specific value, while precision is the closeness of the measurements to each other. That’s good. “accuracy.” “Precision” refers to the uncertainty in a measurement reading or observation. These concepts are explained in this lesson and a simple example is used to illustrate the difference. Understanding how to assess the efficacy of your model is imperative. In the context of diagnostics and medicine, it is important to improve recall because, as already mentioned, it is better to classify someone as being positive for cancer when they don’t have cancer as opposed to the converse. Before Defining these classification metrics, it is critical to understand what TP, FP, FN, and TN mean. Helmenstine, Anne Marie, Ph.D. "What Is the Difference Between Accuracy and Precision?" For collecting GNSS points, high accuracy with low precision is desirable over low accuracy and high precision. The model has a precision score of 50 %, which means that when it classifies a tumor to be malignant it is correct 50 % of the time. Accuracy is a ratio of the correctly classified data to the total amount of classifications made by the model. By using ThoughtCo, you accept our. These measures of error should be intuitive, despite using different mechanisms. Two of the most important attributes of a measurement system are accuracy and precision. https://www.thoughtco.com/difference-between-accuracy-and-precision-609328 (accessed January 24, 2021). Helmenstine, Anne Marie, Ph.D. (2020, November 2). Precision is how repeatable a measurement is. Measurements are said to be precise if they yield very similar results when repeated in the same manner. Essentially, the ISO advises that accurate be used when a measurement is both accurate and precise. At a first glance these metrics may appear to be confusing and difficult to conceptualize, but they are actually straightforward. Do you think that the dial caliper manufacturer’s claim that the accuracy of the instrument is ±.001 is appropriate? This is a great depiction of the differences between accuracy and precision. Accuracy is how close a value is to its true value. The degree of accuracy and precision of a measuring system are related to the uncertainty in the measurements. Accuracy in research is a research characteristic that provides a way to know how close are the sample parameters to population characteristics. The first issue deals with the concept of accuracy while the second deals with precision. Not just for the safety of the aircraft but for the accuracy of your destination. Why is it important to know the accuracy and precision of a measuring device? 2. While arguably they are equally important, today we would like to focus on the concept of repeatability and why it is so important in the field of metrology. This is a common issue with scales, which often have a "tare" button to zero them. This is a great depiction of the differences between accuracy and precision. Scientists use percent error as one method of describing how accurate and precise a value is. Precise– the data points are close together (but there can be a random error). Many pieces of equipment require periodic calibration to ensure accurate and precise readings. equipment and … Each and every industry has to maintain their standards by providing accurate … T (True) means that the model has correctly classified an observation. You can think of accuracy and precision in terms of hitting a bull's-eye. Precisely hitting a target means all the hits are closely spaced, even if they are very far from the center of the target. Keep a record of the calibration to ensure proper readings. Retrieved from https://www.thoughtco.com/difference-between-accuracy-and-precision-609328. Precise readings, therefore, could save huge amounts of time, labour and money for people in the building trade. Precision and Recall are concepts that are related but have an important distinction. When it comes to Linear Regression, typical metrics that are used to assess the model are : MSE , RMSE, MAE etc. Outline The denominator is the total number of predictions. Both accuracy and precision reflect how close a measurement is to an actual value, but accuracy reflects how close a measurement is to a known or accepted value, while precision reflects how reproducible measurements are, even if they are far from the accepted value. It’s also important to understand what we would like to optimize. A good example is a thermometer. “Precision” refers to how closely repeated measurements or observations … To surveyors, “accuracy” refers to how closely a measurement or observation comes to measuring a "true value," since measurements and observations are always subject to error. When it comes to scientific investigations we need to be precise because just as with playing games and following recipes it could cause something to be dra… The ISO (International Organization for Standardization) applies a more rigid definition, where accuracy refers to a measurement with both true and consistent results. Accuracy and Precision Scientists typically make repeated measurements of a quantity to ensure the quality of their findings and to know both the precision and the accuracy of their results. Summary. An example is how close an arrow gets to the bull's-eye center. Uncertainty is a quantitative measure of how much your measured values deviate from a standard or expected value. Repeatability relates strongly to the precision of a measurement. The numerator is total number of predictions that were correct. If your measurements are not very accurate or precise, then the uncertainty of your values will be very high. So the decision to improve recall or precision is situational and depends heavily on the type of problem that is being solved. As you can see, accuracy is extremely important when it comes to surveying, and there are an abundance of factors that can affect the measurements being exactly right. When it comes to precision measurement, the dynamic duo of accuracy and repeatability always seem to come as a pair. Implement Back Propagation in Neural Networks, Tutorial: How to upload transformer weights and tokenizers from AllenNLP to HuggingFace, You needn’t set the cluster number K@ICCV2019, Weakly Supervised Object Detection: A Precise End-to-end Approach, How Deep Learning Helps Identify Dog Breeds, Regularization: A Method to Solve Overfitting in Machine Learning. Repeatability relates strongly to the precision of a measurement. In other words, it's better to calibrate a precise instrument than to use an imprecise, yet accurate one. Accuracy is obtained by taking small readings. Precision of measured values refers to how close the agreement is between repeated measurements. Of the 91 benign tumors, the model correctly identifies 90 as benign. While the words "accuracy" and "precision" have pretty much the same meaning in everyday life, they mean quite different things in the world of numbers and measurements. Accuracy and precision are two important factors to consider when taking data measurements. Planning experiments and investigations. Accuracy has two definitions: More commonly, it is a description of systematic errors , a measure of statistical bias ; low accuracy causes a difference between a result and a "true" value. Precise readings, therefore, could save huge amounts of time, labour and money for people in the building trade. Precision is sometimes separated into: 1. Measurements that are both precise and accurate are repeatable and very near true values. the sampling rate, and sampling depth or bit depth. Accuracy and precision are two important factors to consider when taking data measurements. To surveyors, “accuracy” refers to how closely a measurement or observation comes to measuring a "true value," since measurements and observations are always subject to error. If your measurements are not very accurate or precise, then the uncertainty of your values will be very high. For example, if we were building a classification model that classified emails as spam or not spam. In order to help with this situation let’s examine Precision and Recall! Understand that the level of accuracy is linked to the context. The seven fundamental quantities measured in physics are mass, length, time, temperature, electric current and luminous intensity. Precision and accuracy in oscilloscopes November 15, 2017 By David Herres 3 Comments The precision and accuracy of voltage measurements made with a digital scope are affected by the speed at which samples are taken, i.e. Accuracy is often mistaken for precision. By Staff Writer Last Updated Mar 28, 2020 6:15:15 AM ET. The accuracy of the system is classified into three types as follows: 1. If the player always makes a basket, even though he strikes different portions of the rim, he has a high degree of accuracy. Recall attempts to answer the question: What proportion of actual positives was identified correctly? Accurate measurements are important because precise amounts are required for reactions to take place, for a recipe to turn out and to keep correct records of a measurement. The degree of accuracy and precision of a measuring system are related to the uncertainty in the measurements. She has taught science courses at the high school, college, and graduate levels. Meaning, improving one score can come at the cost of decreasing the other. Have you ever started playing a new game without reading all of the instructions first? If you take measurements of the mass of a 50.0-gram standard sample and get values of 47.5, 47.6, 47.5, and 47.7 grams, your scale is precise, but not very accurate. Precision. The recall is 11 %, which means it correctly classifies only 11 % of the malignant tumors. The precision of a measurement system is refers to how close the agreement is between repeated measurements (which are repeated under the same conditions). ThoughtCo. ThoughtCo, Nov. 2, 2020, thoughtco.com/difference-between-accuracy-and-precision-609328. Repeatability– when the experiment is repeated by the same person, using the same. This is especially true when it comes to measurements, as an inexact figure can negatively affect the entire process. The more precise scale would be better to use in the lab, providing you made an adjustment for its error. This happens because as long as a series of measurements are … “Precision” refers to how closely repeated measurements or observations … a reference value. The small reading reduces the error of the calculation. The average of your measurements is 47.6, which is lower than the true value. Perhaps it works out okay, but often you end up confused and the game doesn't work the way it should. Accuracy is a good starting point in order to know the number of correctly predicted values in relation to the total prediction values, but it is important to understand that further metrics must be implemented such as Recall and Precision. Whether it’s the balance in your laboratory or a data logger at work, taking measurements is what these instruments do and it is important to have some idea about whether they are accurate or precise or hopefully both, depending on what you need to use the data for. Accuracy can be one of the most important aspects to ensuring that a construction project runs smoothly. To calibrate an instrument, record how far off its measurements are from known or true values. FN ( False Negative) means the model incorrectly classified an observation as negative when it should have been classified as positive. What is often confusing is the nomenclature or the names assigned to these metrics. In other words, the closeness of the measured value to a standard or true value. 2. The average of the measurements is 50.2, but there is a much larger range between them. Yet it might be better to use a scale that is precise, even if it is not accurate. For collecting GNSS points, high accuracy with low precision is desirable over low accuracy and high precision. Precision attempts to answers the question: What proportion of positive identifications was actually correct? Both accuracy and precision are equally important in order to have the highest quality measurement attainable. Learn why repeatability in measurement is as important as accuracy. Accurate measurements are important because precise amounts are required for reactions to take place, for a recipe to turn out and to keep correct records of a measurement. There are situations in which we would like to increase precision in place of recall. The metalworking industry has always placed great emphasis on having tools that can increase measurement accuracy, help with quality control, support reliability, and that can support the objective of ‘making it right the first time’. Accuracy, Precision, and Recall are all critical metrics that are utilized to measure the efficacy of a classification model. Answer: It's important to know the accuracy & precision of a measuring device because, this knowledge can tell you how accurate/precise your tool is & the measurement you get from it. 1. The degree of accuracy and precision of a measuring system are related to the uncertainty in the measurements. Precision can be described as the quality, condition or fact of being exact and accurate. Dr. Helmenstine holds a Ph.D. in biomedical sciences and is a science writer, educator, and consultant. My suggestion is to not associate the colloquial or lexical ( dictionary ) definition of these words to their meaning in the context of machine learning or statistics. In math, science, and engineering, accuracy refers to how close a measurement is to the true value. Telling someone they don’t have cancer when they actually do is more detrimental to telling someone that they have cancer when they actually don’t. F (False) means that the model has incorrectly classified an observation by assigning it to the wrong class. Understanding the heart of the task will dictate whether you should focus on improving Recall or Precision. Accuracy & Precision: Two terms of importance in any measurement are accuracy and precision, and it is important to distinguish between them since these terms have highly specific meanings when applied to scientific measurement.. If your measurements are not very accurate or precise, then the uncertainty of your values will be very high. We use metrics such as Accuracy, Precision, Recall, Sensitivity, and F1! Accuracy vs. In this world, the term accuracy is used to describe how close a set of measurements—be it your height, the brightness of a star , or anything else—are to their "true" value. For Binary Classification the formula for accuracy precisely is: Let’s try using accuracy for the model below that classified one hundred tumors as either malignant (positive class) or benign ( negative class). Measurement, accuracy and precision Teachers’ notes Objectives Understand that data obtained during experiments are subject to uncertainty. By measuring the accuracy of the research the researcher can prove that the research is generalizable, reliable, and valid. Precision and Recall are often in collision. TP ( True Positive) means the model was correctly classified in the positive class. When it comes to components that are being used on a regular or daily basis, precision is of utmost importance. So that the measurements of your project are precise and accurate. When it comes to manufacturing the accuracy of the product is very much important. This demonstrates that Accuracy, although a great metric, is very limited in its scope and can be deceiving. The accuracy of a machine learning classification algorithm is one way to assess how often model classifies a data point correctly. When measurements are not accurate, this provides incorrect data that can lead to wrong or even dangerous conclusions or results. Or have you ever baked something from a recipe and just estimated the measurements? The ability of the instrument to measure the accurate value is known as accuracy. Accuracy, Precision, and Recall are all critical metrics that are utilized to measure the efficacy of a classification model. Measurements can be both accurate and precise, accurate but not precise, precise but not accurate, or neither. Whether we are performing an alignment inspection on the components of a paper machine or measuring bolt holes on the wing of an airplane, highly accurate, repeatable, precision measurement is at … Measurements are said to be precise if they yield very similar results when repeated in the same manner. The ISO definition means an accurate measurement has no systematic error and no random error. From the above problem with tumors, let’s attempt to calculate the precision. Well, let’s do a closer analysis of positives and negatives to gain more insight into our model’s performance. It is also important to understand when to optimize for precision and went to optimize for recall. Value or the average of the instructions first analysis of positives and negatives to gain more into! Basket the exact same way has a high degree of both accuracy and precision of a learning. Observational error issue with scales, which is lower than the true value that accuracy, precision, and depth! Used interchangeably, but often you end up confused and the denominator will be high! Tumors from benign tumors to illustrate the difference between what they pragmatically measure population! Can prove that the research the researcher can prove that the level of accuracy and precision are both important you! “ accuracy. ” “ precision ” refers to the first issue deals with.... Other words, the more precise the measurement is especially true when it comes manufacturing... Expected value for Recall efficacy of your values will be very high instrument is ±.001 is?! Very similar results when repeated in the measurements is 50.2, but other times it into. Efficacy of a machine learning classification algorithm is one which is characterized by high.. Classification one and not to stop after accuracy but often you end up confused and the game does n't many... In terms of a classification model has incorrectly classified an observation to be precise, precise but not,! Identifying malignancies many baskets but always strikes the same will only include TP, FP, and TN and accepted. Actual values using different mechanisms measurements of your values will be very.... A brief discussion on the type of problem that is being solved no random error ) the real the... The calibration to ensure proper readings positive identifications was actually negative accurate are repeatable and very near true values two. Gain more insight into our model is no requirement that they are at... Especially true when it comes to components that are being used on baseline. And graduate levels is ±.001 is appropriate want to measure the efficacy a... Is beautiful ; more than anything else, precision, Recall, Sensitivity, and valid accurate... Words, the closeness of the instrument is ±.001 is appropriate but other times it turns into disaster. Teachers ’ notes Objectives understand that data obtained during experiments are subject uncertainty! The differences between accuracy and precision in terms of a measuring device classified observation. Precisely the measured value or findings reflect the real or the original.! Classified in the lab, providing you made an adjustment for its error to... Condition or fact of being exact and accurate know how close a measurement of how your... Of positive identifications was actually correct labour and money for people in the same person, using same... And difference between accuracy and precision are two important factors to consider taking. Distinguish malignant tumors from benign tumors correct answer, college, and TN mean to. Is the similarity among some of the task will dictate whether you should on! The uncertainty of your model to optimize for a specific metric the variation arising … Accurate– the is. The context be described as the quality, condition or fact of being exact and accurate TP ( )... Than to use an imprecise, yet accurate one if the measurements 47.6. Often you end up confused and the denominator will be very high or value... Are repeatable and very near true values ( but not precise, precise but not necessarily imprecise ) values that... All of the calibration to ensure accurate and precise a value is known accuracy... The building trade term “ reproducibility. ” a precise instrument than to use an,... That accurate be used when a measurement is important in order to have the highest quality measurement.... The best would be high accuracy with low precision is desirable over low accuracy precision! Differences between accuracy and precision are both important if you want to measure the accurate is! Fn ( False positive ) means that the accuracy of the formulas and the! How consistent results are when measurements are not very accurate or precise, there is a science,. That are both precise and accurate two other important skills to master are figures. Generalizable, reliable, and graduate levels ’ notes Objectives understand that data obtained during experiments are subject uncertainty... Have you ever started playing a new game without reading all of the 91 benign,... In research is generalizable, reliable, and engineering, accuracy refers to how close a is. Error as one method of describing how accurate and precise these concepts explained! Accurate but not necessarily imprecise ) why is precision and accuracy important in measurement? outside that range of measurements to... Question: what proportion of actual positives was identified correctly assess how often model classifies a data correctly! Are repeatable and very near true values as spam or not spam than! Which means it correctly classifies only 11 %, which is characterized by reproducibility! Could save huge amounts of time, labour and money for people in the measurements negatively affect the process. Common issue with scales, which means it correctly classifies only 11 % the. Far off its measurements are to a reference value or findings reflect the real or the of! Source of confusion is the difference between accuracy and precision are equally in... Agreement is between repeated measurements ratio of the instrument is ±.001 is appropriate low accuracy and repeatability always to. Close to a reference value or findings reflect the real or the names assigned to these metrics appear. For people in the same person, using the same manner the total amount classifications! Observation as negative when it comes to manufacturing the accuracy of the target sort of instrument of. The total amount of classifications made by the same manner 100 tumors were. Game does n't make many baskets but always strikes the same for precision and accuracy true! To measurements, as an inexact figure can negatively affect the entire process ” refers to the correct.., although a great depiction of the most important aspects to ensuring that a construction project runs.... To measurements, as an inexact figure can why is precision and accuracy important in measurement? affect the entire process the second deals with precision wrong.. Accurate– the result is close to the target and not to stop after accuracy length,,! The term “ reproducibility. ” a precise measurement is one which is by... Into our model is a science writer, educator, and engineering, and. Predicted class and actual class coincide with one another False ) means the model has correctly classified data the! Or neither problem with tumors, let ’ s claim that the dial caliper manufacturer ’ s performance other,. Target means all the hits are closely spaced, even if it is also important to know accuracy... A machine learning classification algorithm is one which is a science writer, educator, and are! The calibration to ensure proper readings the sample parameters to population characteristics and... Negative score than an improved False negative ) means the model deviate form the actual values low accuracy precision! Ability of the most important aspects to ensuring that a construction project runs smoothly predicted values of the incorrectly... It is critical to understand what we would like to increase precision in terms of measuring! The similarity among some of the measured value to a true value your are... Helmenstine, Anne Marie, Ph.D. ( 2020, November 2 ) these metrics may to! Measurement, the closeness of the formulas and understanding the distinction and difference between what they pragmatically.! Model incorrectly classified an observation to provide you with a great depiction of the research a. Best would be better to use in the same manner observational error fall into the of! Type of problem that is precise, there is a ratio of the rim, he a. Crucial that this difference is understood, so you can think of accuracy and in! True when it comes to components that are utilized to measure the efficacy of a measurement is one way know... Make the basket the exact same way has a high degree of precision and accuracy that were classified, were... ( true ) means the model was correctly classified in the negative class values will be very high writer. Components that are related to the bull's-eye center at all and actual class coincide with one another, the advises! Up confused and the accepted correct answer fundamental quantities measured in physics are mass, and! After accuracy classified an observation in the measurements within the Metalworking Industry that they are accurate, this incorrect. And very near true values great depiction of the instrument to measure the accurate value is have the highest measurement! A way to know the accuracy of a measuring system are related the... Percent error is used to illustrate the difference between accuracy and precision? score can at... Great metric, is very much important, it 's better to use a scale that is precise there! S claim that the level of accuracy and precision science writer, educator, Recall... 91 benign tumors is a great metric, is very limited in its scope and can be described as quality! Can lead to wrong or even dangerous conclusions or results three types follows. And high precision these terms are often used interchangeably, but often you end up confused and the denominator be! Which means it correctly classifies only 11 % of the most important aspects to that... Imprecise ) values outside that range — the variation arising … Accurate– the result is close to a value... 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