Dimitriou, R., Tsiridis, E., & Giannoudis, P. V. (2005). Macromolecular Bioscience, 4(8), 743–765. Growth factors in serum-free conditioned media from human bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (MSC-CM) are known to be effective in bone regeneration. Bone regeneration is a complex process including the interaction of various cell types such as mesenchymal stem cells, chondrocytes, osteoblasts, osteoclasts, and endothelial cells. ability to become bone cells and therefore are of central importance for bone tissue engineering. Acta Biomaterialia, 35, 318–329. Hendrikx, S., et al. Strategies in trauma and limb reconstruction, 10(3), 161–166. Stem Cell Rev and Rep 12, 524–529 (2016). doi:10.1002/jbm.b.33632. Nah, H. D., Pacifici, M., Gerstenfeld, L. C., Adams, S. L., & Kirsch, T. (2000). Nature reviews. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12015-016-9665-5. Clinical and radiographic outcomes of concentrated bone marrow aspirate with allograft and demineralized bone matrix for posterolateral and interbody lumbar fusion in elderly patients. Google Scholar. Fig. Correspondence to Phillips, A. M. (2005). (2016) Microribbon-based hydrogels accelerate stem cell-based bone regeneration in a mouse critical-size cranial defect model. Google Scholar, Hagey Laboratory for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine, Department of Surgery, Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, 257 Campus Drive Room GK106, Stanford, CA, 94305-5461, USA, Graham G. Walmsley, Ryan C. Ransom, Elizabeth R. Zielins, Tripp Leavitt, John S. Flacco, Michael S. Hu, Michael T. Longaker & Derrick C. Wan, Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University, Hagey Building, 257 Campus Dr., Stanford, CA, 94305, USA, Graham G. Walmsley, Ryan C. Ransom, Michael S. Hu, Andrew S. Lee & Michael T. Longaker, Department of Surgery, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawai’i, Honolulu, Hawai’i, USA, You can also search for this author in PubMed  Ajiboye, R. M., Hamamoto, J. T., Eckardt, M. A., & Wang, J. C. (2015). A variety of cells in addition to stem cells, as well as advances in materials science to meet specific requirements for bone and soft tissue regeneration … The clinical utility of stem and stromal cells has been demonstrated for the repair and regeneration of craniomaxillofacial and long bone defects although clinical adoption of bone tissue engineering protocols has been very limited. Rodriguez-Collazo, E. R., & Urso, M. L. (2015). The near future of bone healing and regeneration is closely related to Mesenchymal Stem Cells in Bone Regeneration M. Noelle Knight1,2 and Kurt D. Hankenson2,3,* 1Veterinary Medical Scientist Training Program and 2Department of Clinical Studies, School of Veterinary Medicine; 3Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine; University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Mechanical properties and the hierarchical structure of bone. Nature Materials, 11(8), 724–733. Article  Marecic, O., et al. Olsen, B. R., Reginato, A. M., & Wang, W. (2000). Stem Cells in Bone Regeneration. INGA MARIJANOVIĆ Dufrane, D., et al. There are several options for the reconstruction of large bone defects that include bone grafts (autograft, allograft and xenograft) as well as bone constructs created by bone tissue engineering principles. The optimization of protocols of bone graft production using autologous mesenchymal stem cells loaded on appropriate scaffolds, exposed to osteogenic inducers and mechanical force in bioreactor, should be able to solve the current limitations in managing bone injuries. Among adult stem cells, mesenchymal stem cells are the most suitable for bone tissue engineering. Immune characterization of mesenchymal stem cells in human umbilical cord Wharton’s jelly and derived cartilage cells Cellular Immunology, 278 (July–August (1–2)) (2012), pp. Cell medicine, 7(3), 123–131. Part B, Applied biomaterials. Overview of the fracture healing cascade. Tsiridis, E., Upadhyay, N., & Giannoudis, P. (2007). A library of bioinks (hydrogels and stem cells) will be prepared, printed, and tested in different animal models. Bone remodelling is a continuous cycle of degeneration and regeneration, involving osteoblasts (bone-forming cells) and osteoclasts (cells that absorb bone tissue) (Fig. Recent research in the field of bone implants and the implementation of autologous mesenchymal stem cells in the treatment of bone defects is outlined and evaluated in this review. Effective bone regeneration using Thermosensitive poly(N-Isopropylacrylamide) grafted gelatin as injectable carrier for bone mesenchymal stem cells. Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research, 337, 3–12. Ding, L., & Morrison, S. J. Rationale for Material Design. Veterinary surgery: VS, 35(3), 232–242. Schindeler, A., McDonald, M. M., Bokko, P., & Little, D. G. (2008). Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) play a key role in fracture repair by differentiating to become bone-forming osteoblasts and cartilage-forming chondrocytes. (2013). Calvi, L. M., et al. Worthley, D. L., et al. PubMed  Injury, 38(Suppl 1), S11–S25.