Sci. Among the states, the largest setback was estimated for Amazonas and Par (levels of 2006 for both sexes, 2008 and 2010 for females and 2005 and 2002 for males). Use the Previous and Next buttons to navigate the slides or the slide controller buttons at the end to navigate through each slide. Part B 52, 873896 (2013). axL5Bv\cH L(8@#lP&djen$kqbn7GwU$Kn~` d!B"mheQ%$HL3\0(Jqv\s. In a previous paper, we described the spatiotemporal patterns of the spread of COVID-19 cases and deaths in Brazil18. J. Appl. https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2019-11/documents/2017_facts_and_figures_fact_sheet_final.pdf (2019). We approximated the population at risk in 2021 by interpolating IBGE population projections to the mid-analysis period (1 March 2021). A summary of findings and implications of these estimates is shown in Table 1. A more limited version of the basic income program was re-established in April 2021. Larger relative femalemale gaps were estimated for e65an increase of 16.3% in 2020 in Brazil and a 107% increase in 2020 in Amap. Child immunization was reduced, particularly among impoverished children in the North region29. LIFE-2022-SAP-NAT-NATURE Gamta ir biologin vairov (angl. (September 20, 2016). 32, 290299 (2016). The superabsorbent polymer provided by P&G is a sodium poly(acrylate) crosslinked via ~0.05mol% poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate co-monomer (PAAP&G)30. Peter Bauer, Jonas Brugger, Martin Posch, Sven Drefahl, Matthew Wallace, Gunnar Andersson, Hctor Pifarr i Arolas, Enrique Acosta, Mikko Myrskyl, Ian F. Miller, Alexander D. Becker, C. Jessica E. Metcalf, Stefano Amore, Emanuela Puppo, Giuseppe Liotta, Ariel Pablos-Mndez, Simone Villa, Richard Alan Cash, Megan ODriscoll, Gabriel Ribeiro Dos Santos, Henrik Salje, Nature Medicine and JavaScript. The consequences of that death toll can be measured by e0, which indicates the average number of years a newborn would be expected to live if born in a specific year and subject to the prevailing mortality rates in that year throughout life. The authors thank Procter and Gamble (P&G) for supporting this work, as well as Ryan Hayes and Jonah Vilseck for assisting with simulations, Edwin Zishiri for assisting with synthesis, Gary Gilbertson, Bill Begley, and Yiping Sun for performing SEC on the PSAs, and Prof. Brian Love for his intellectual contributions. Brazil has been heavily affected by coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). A large study showed a higher risk of death 6 months after COVID-19 diagnosis, even among those who did not require hospitalization34. To date, most diaper recycling efforts14 have focused on the cellulosic components, which can be biodegraded, incinerated to generate steam, pyrolyzed, or fermented to generate bioethanol15. Int. Recording of LIFE Infoday session(edition Call 2021- content valid also for call 2022) <>/Metadata 190 0 R/ViewerPreferences 191 0 R>> For comparison, we also evaluated the hydrolysis using 0.8M aq. We also used these period life tables to calculate the femalemale gap in e0 and e65 (Supplementary Table 7); the difference between the highest and lowest state life expectancies; the loss due to COVID-19 relative to increases in e0 and e65 (by sex and state) over the past two decades (20002020) (Supplementary Tables 8 and 9); and the setback in life expectancy due to COVID-19 identified by the years when the life expectancies estimated for 2020 and 2021 were last observed (Supplementary Table 10). However, this process utilizes expensive solvents (dimethylsulfoxide or dimethylformamide) and stoichiometric quantities of base (tetramethylguanidine), both of which would likely be too costly for large-scale recycling of waste superabsorbent materials. Vilseck, J. Soil Environ. Raber, D. J. et al. Among the states, Amazonas, Rondnia, Roraima and Mato Grosso had the largest declines in e0 in both 2020 and 2021 (Fig. Proven ability to identify and interpret a. Get the most important science stories of the day, free in your inbox. The impact of COVID-19 on people with diabetes in Brazil. Esterification of polyacrylic acid using alkyl halides under basic conditions had already been reported38. We found a 15.3% and 15.1% decrease in GWP when replacing the industrial route with either the 1min or 2min sonication scenario, respectively, and an impressive 21.5% decrease when sonication was avoided altogether. Labels above bars indicate the states with extreme (high and low) life expectancies in 2019 and 2020. To monitor this process, we measured changes in the complex viscosity over time. Nature 594, 259264 (2021). xUmo@G9*R*S[u#>RejBG4aSgcwy2+`p3CJ)i In late April 2021, a parliamentary commission of inquiry was launched to investigate the governments handling of the pandemic response41. stream endobj x:y*$J*e,=x QHM`zeF i(ED'*V[Xzd;KOtI102e2P\vto\jQ| Z This compromised screening for cancer, with a reduction of about 35% in new diagnoses28. Future Market Insights (FMI). Carlyle, R. L. Process for the production of acrylic acid esters. Over the last decades, the completeness of death registration has improved steadily in Brazil43, and data completeness is likely to be similar for 2019 and 2020. Science 372, 821826 (2021). Commercial polymers are ubiquitous, with a global annual production of approximately 368 million metric tons1, with about 75% of plastics disposed of after a single use2. Chazovachii, P.T., Somers, M.J., Robo, M.T. Similarly, given the higher risk of dying from COVID-19 at older ages5, the death toll can be measured by e65, defined as the average number of years that a 65-year-old person would be expected to live if subject to the underlying mortality rates for ages 65 and above in a specific year. Third, for both 2020 and 2021, we calculated life tables based on the addition of COVID-19 mortality to the mortality pattern of 2019 (DT19). The resulting chain-shortened PAAP&G fragments were then dialyzed to remove excess acid, lyophilized, and then ground into a powder. As of 23 May 2021, P.1 was the most prevalent strain in the country (92% of the samples analyzed)25. State acronyms by region: North: AC=Acre, AP=Amap, AM=Amazonas, PA=Par, RO=Rondnia, RR=Roraima and TO=Tocantins; Northeast: AL=Alagoas, BA=Bahia, CE=Cear, MA=Maranho, PB=Paraba, PE=Pernambuco, PI=Piau, RN=Rio Grande do Norte and SE=Sergipe; Center-West: DF=Distrito Federal, GO=Gois, MT=Mato Grosso and MS=Mato Grosso do Sul; Southeast: ES=Esprito Santo, MG=Minas Gerais, RJ=Rio de Janeiro and SP=So Paulo; South: PR=Paran, RS=Rio Grande do Sul and SC=Santa Catarina. Article Giving superabsorbent polymers a second life as pressure-sensitive adhesives, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-021-24488-9. The authors declare no other competing interests. Fourth, the economic crisis that hit Brazil in 2014 has contributed to increases in mortality35, poverty and inequality36. Sci. %PDF-1.7 As a result, estimated e0 in Brazil in the presence of COVID-19 reflects levels observed in 2014 (Supplementary Table 10). Thus, we estimated total deaths in 2021, inclusive of COVID-19 deaths, as \({\,}_nD_x = ({\,}_nK_x - \,_nD_x^{COV})({\,}_n^ \ast M_x) + \,_nD_x^{COV}\), where \({\,}_nD_x\) is the number of deaths estimated to occur in 2021 in the age range x to x + n; \({\,}_nK_x\) is the population at risk in the age range x to x + n; \({\,}_n^ \ast M_x\) are age-specific mortality rates in the absence of COVID-19 (assumed to be 2019 mortality rates); and \({\,}_nD_x^{COV}\) is the number of confirmed COVID-19 deaths. The aim of the project is the conservation of Caretta caretta, in the western Mediterranean basin, from threats related to human disturbance in the nesting sites. Chang, E. P. Viscoelastic windows of pressure-sensitive adhesives. For the base case scenario (absence of COVID-19), we used mortality rates reported in 2019, which we treated as cause-deleted life tables (that is, there were no deaths from COVID-19 in 2019), and applied these to the population at risk to obtain expected deaths in the absence of COVID-19. M.S. Nature Governance ). To probe the role of both solvent and substrate hydrophobicity, we used two different substrates (acetic versus undecanoic acid) and solvents (ethanol versus 2-ethylhexanol). Tbuas Abreviadas de Mortalidade por Sexo e Idade. Sci. Article M.C.C. JRSvk] Baqui, P., Bica, I., Marra, V., Ercole, A. In just the first 4 months of 2021, Brazil surpassed the number of COVID-19 deaths during all of 2020. sub-programme "Circular economy and quality of life". 8). To summarize, we developed a facile and potentially scalable method to synthesize commercially relevant PSAs by open-loop recycling poly(acrylic acid) sourced from a leading diaper manufacturer. Rev. Ohara, T. et al. Teikti paraik ia. ACS Sustain. Because in-hospital COVID-19 deaths represent 89% of all COVID-19 deaths reported in 2021, we use them to proxy for the agesex distributions of all COVID-19 deaths. Collias, D. I. et al. From April to December 2020, an emergency basic income program mitigated the challenges imposed by the pandemic37 (for example, unemployment), but this benefit ended in December 2020. 15), producing the relatively small estimates of life expectancy decline. J. Adhes. a, Estimated change in life expectancy at birth in 2020 based on the difference from life tables calculated for 2019 and 2020 by state and sex. Our results quantify the effect of the COVID-19 death toll on life expectancy in Brazil. Il nuovo programma contribuir alla transizione verso un' economia sostenibile, al miglioramento della qualit dell'ambiente e alla tutela della biodiversit. Waste Manag. Article In both cases, the nonamers were solvated in a 3:1 butanol/water mixture to mimic the most challenging esterification conditions. While catalytic depolymerization methods20 can, in principle, proceed without side-chain degradation, they have not yet been demonstrated for commercial sources of polyacrylic acid. Google Scholar. J. Org. Therefore, COVID-19 sequelae might shorten individual lifespan. We offer five reasons as to why. Res. As a consequence, there is an intrinsic, limiting molar mass for each polymer below which further chain scissions are unlikely to occur. The consequences, sadly and unacceptably, will continue to be measured in human lives lost, and the future demographic consequences might be even worse than those reported here. U.S. Patent 2,917,538 (December 15, 1959). LIFE-2021-SAP-NAT-GOV Nature Governance Each project application under the call must address only one of these topics. 44, 11491154 (1979). 2 0 obj 4d). R. Soc. Applicants wishing to apply for more than one topic, must submit a separate proposal under each topic. Here, we assumed that individuals who did not die of COVID-19 in the first 4 months of 2021 would be subject to the 2019 age group-specific and sex-specific mortality rates. Chem. g;"a"E^X @; Vaupel, J. W., Villavicencio, F. & Bergeron-Boucher, M.-P. Demographic perspectives on the rise of longevity. 34, 189200 (1991). Castro, M. C. et al. La Commissione europea ha pubblicato i primi bandi del programma LIFE 2021-2027 per l'ambiente, il clima e l'energia. 8, 1450414510 (2020). Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. Process Saf. Ventura, D. F. L., Giulio, G. M. & Rached, D. H. Lessons from the Covid-19 pandemic: sustainability is an indispensable condition of global health security. The crosslinks were first hydrolyzed using 0.3M aq. & Garca, J. M. Chemical recycling of waste plastics for new materials production. 3 0 obj - Experienced in end-to-end order management process using SAP <br>- More than fourteen (14) years of experience on data analysis, which provides strategic and tactical support to Real Estate documents from various counties in the United States<br>- Self-motivated, results-oriented, and able to work with minimal supervision<br>- Possess proven problem solving abilities and very strong . https://www.ipea.gov.br/portal/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=37022&Itemid=448 (2020). La Commissione europea ha pubblicato i primi bandi del programma LIFE 2021-2027 per l' ambiente, il clima e l' energia . 6-month consequences of COVID-19 in patients discharged from hospital: a cohort study. Public Health Nutr. States are colored according to major regions. 276, 123350 (2020). Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA, P. Takunda Chazovachii,Michael T. Robo,E. Neil G. Marsh,Paul M. Zimmerman&Anne J. McNeil, School for Environment and Sustainability, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA, Materials Science InnovationCorporate R&D, The Procter & Gamble Co., West Chester, OH, USA, Macromolecular Science and Engineering Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA, You can also search for this author in Chem. https://www.ellenmacarthurfoundation.org/publications/the-new-plastics-economy-rethinking-the-future-of-plastics-catalysing-action (2017). Marcia C. Castro. Brazils unified health system: the first 30 years and prospects for the future. We estimate a decline in 2020 life expectancy at birth (e0) of 1.3 years, a mortality level not seen since 2014. Get the most important science stories of the day, free in your inbox. The new plastics economy: rethinking the future of plastics & catalyzing action. Arena, U., Ardolino, F. & Gregorio, F. D. Technological, environmental and social aspects of a recycling process of post-consumer absorbent hygiene products. Moriguchi, T. & Arita, Y. Further information on research design is available in the Nature Research Reporting Summary linked to this article. In contrast, few studies have examined recycling of the sodium polyacrylate superabsorbent polymers. Collias, D. I. et al. 4074 https://biblioteca.ibge.gov.br/index.php/biblioteca-catalogo?id=297884&view=detalhes (IBGE, Coordenao de Geografia, 2016). Together, the United States and Brazil account for 28% of the worlds death toll and 59% of the death toll in the Americas. Mortality due to COVID-19 is estimated to have reduced e0 in the United States by 1.13 years, setting it back to values observed in 2003 (ref. <> From these studies, we conclude that the quantitative esterification of the polymer results from the hydrophobic reaction environment created by the polymer backbone and the 2-ethylhexanol solvent. Preprint at https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.26.21252554v1 (2021). Overall, the viscoelastic properties of the synthesized PSAs suggest they would be useful for applications such as removable general-purpose adhesives, including tapes, bandages, and sticky notes. M.C.C. (John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2003). We used three approaches to assess changes in life expectancy due to COVID-19. <>/Metadata 249 0 R/ViewerPreferences 250 0 R>> x\[s8~w! For many polymers, recycling via mechanical processes is not feasible and these materials are destined for landfills or incineration. Natl Acad. IBGE. Huang, C. et al. A conscientious employee, willing to learn new skills, open to instruction and feedback with a background in varied product, process and people management. Estimates of period mortality rates require an estimate of the population exposed to the risk of dying. Hogan, A. et al. USA 118, e2019536118 (2021). Informao Demogrfica e Socioeconmica. DT19 and DT20 assess the effect of including and excluding, respectively, only deaths for which COVID-19 was listed as the underlying cause on the death certificate. The materials, equipment, synthetic methods, as well as all processed data generated in this study are provided in the Supplementary Information file. Nat Commun 12, 4524 (2021). Lancet Glob. The synthetic polymer community created these impactful materials, and now, we must turn our attention towards technologies that facilitate their collection and recycling, to create a circular economy that is more sustainable7. Programme: Programme for Environment and Climate Action (LIFE) . U.S. Patent 9,447,309 B2. Marinho, F. et al. Considering this factor, the optimized conditions involved sonicating a 2.5% w/v solution for 1min to give an Mw ~360kg/mol, and a 5.0% w/v solution for 2min to give a Mw of ~330kg/mol37. ACS Macro Lett. Semin. Chiang, C. L. Introduction to Stochastic Processes in Biostatistics (Wiley, 1968). Clin. Carvalho, C. A., Viola, P. C. A. F. & Sperandio, N. How is Brazil facing the crisis of food and nutrition security during the COVID-19 pandemic? Proposals under this topic must address EU Nature and Biodiversity legislation compliance assurance and access to justice by:- establishing new or, where in place, enhancing existing cross-border, national or regional networks of compliance assurance practitioners or experts; and/or establishing or, where in place, improving professional and S.G. conducted the formal analysis. The lack of a coordinated, prompt and equitable response informed by science, as well as the promotion of disinformation, have been the hallmark of the current administration27. We calculate three sets of estimates of life expectancy decline but argue that those based on the difference in life expectancy between 2019 and 2020, which include all reported deaths in those 2 years, are the most defensible because they do not depend on accurate classification of cause of death, determination of whether the death was directly or indirectly due to COVID-19 or assumptions about independence among causes. Everyone involved in adoptionbirthparents, adoptive parents, adoptees, adoption professionals, and beyonddeserves support when they need it. Political and institutional perils of Brazils COVID-19 crisis. 21, 12181230 (2016). Khoo, S. C. et al. April 2021 was the deadliest month since the pandemic began: nine capital cities reported more deaths than births, and, by 25 April, the number of COVID-19 deaths in 2021 surpassed that reported in 2020. ADS Chang noted that most existing PSAs appear between the G and G bounds of 103 and 106 Pascals (Pa) at the aforementioned bounding frequencies, and can be grouped into the quadrants (and central region) highlighted in Fig. Liu, Y., Lotero, E. & Goodwin, J. G. Jr Effect of water on sulfuric acid catalyzed esterification. Jan 2021- Apr 20214 months Calgary, Alberta, Canada ENCI 693 - Project Engineering Management was a industry-led course for the graduate students majoring in Project Management at the Department. CAS Recycling methods that utilize these waste polymers could attenuate their environmental impact. U.S. Patent Application 2021/0054248 A1 (Februrary 25, 2021). Our results point to an overall widening of the femalemale gap in e0 of 0.6 years in Brazil (9.1% increase). For example, high degrees of esterification were observed via 1H NMR spectroscopy when using only 5 equiv. Report 19: the potential impact of the COVID-19 epidemic on HIV, TB and malaria in low- and middle-income countries. https://doi.org/10.1053/j.seminoncol.2020.12.002 (2021). Super absorbent polymer (SAP) marketGlobal industry analysis, size and forecast. Jennifer Sargent was the primary editor on this article and managed its editorial process and peer review in collaboration with the rest of the editorial team. Internet Explorer). Santos, M. C. et al. J. In the first 4 months of 2021, COVID-19 deaths represented 107% of the total 2020 figures. "Climate action". Lpine, L. & Gilbert, R. Thermal degradation of polyacrylic acid in dilute aqueous solution. Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative. Marques, N. P. et al. For both DT20 and DT19, after estimating the ratio of non-COVID-19 deaths to all-cause deaths, we then used this ratio to estimate the counterfactual life tables in which COVID-19 was eliminated and COVID-19 was included, respectively. Experimentally, a plateau is observed in the plot of weight-average molar mass (Mw) versus sonication time. Researchers investigate what COVID-19 does to the heart. 4 0 obj ISSN 1078-8956 (print). When intense shocks like a pandemic or war occur, life expectancy drops, but it often rebounds quickly. As high life expectancies are predominantly in the South region and the lowest are in the North, these results suggest that COVID-19 mortality reproduced regional inequalities, reflecting the pandemics disproportionate burden among vulnerable groups5 but also spatial patterns of COVID-19 spread18. Tang, H., Luan, Y., Yang, L. & Sun, H. A perspective on reversibility in controlled polymerization systems: recent progress and new opportunities. are supported by the National Institutes of Health (grant no. Castro, M.C., Gurzenda, S., Turra, C.M. For example, FaterSMART, a Proctor and Gamble (P&G) affiliated company, has developed and implemented a diaper recycling facility that includes used diaper acquisition, steam sterilization, shredding, and separation into the purified raw materials (cellulosics, superabsorbent polymer, and polyolefins)29. Cad. C.M.T. Sci. interpreted the data. Zekry, M., Nassar, I., Salim, H. & Abdallah, A. First, differences in these period life expectancies capture both direct and indirect mortality effects of COVID-19 in 2020. Preprint at medRxiv https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.03.02.21252772 (2021). July 4, 2022 life 2021 sap nat naturebritish white cattle for sale in washingtonbritish white cattle for sale in washington Chem. Given a growing emphasis on sustainability within the polymer industry, including calls to increase the circularity of polymer production12, this LCA provides an important metric for evaluating approaches to polymer recycling. The Kick-off meeting of the LIFE-2021-SAP-NAT-NATURE TURTLENEST project will be held on January 20 in Rome, at the Legambiente headquarters. et al. )W9N2S33:;Ai / YnM#@w@6~q|,Sq","Kc]FTE^gIK%q4g2J:?1*zK6J./7o#hX&M,5!zbz?-V^mnH)0"2x~&NRO~c_e5j;? We abstracted death data on 18 May 2021, for all states, as reported through 30 April 2021 (n=209,458 confirmed COVID-19 deaths). . 39, 2737 (2020). Next, we estimated total 2021 deaths, including COVID-19 confirmed deaths (\({\,}_nD_x^{COV}\)), reported by Brasil.io. Of the gains achieved in e0 in Brazil over 2 decades, 19% were lost due to COVID-19 (Supplementary Table 8). Lotta, G., Wenham, C., Nunes, J. Int. That is, the PSAs are soft enough to flow and wet a substrate at the bonding frequency, while hard enough to hold onto a substrate, and peel cleanly at the debonding frequency. Also, demographic projections did not account for the pandemic context and might have overestimated population size. More specifically, we compared four different cradle-to-product LCA scenarios: poly(2-ethylhexylacrylate) production in the conventional industrial approach and three variations of the recycling process: (i) sonicating the 2.5% w/v polymer solution for 1min, (ii) sonicating the 5.0% w/v polymer solution for 2min, and (iii) no sonication of the 5% w/v polymer solution. We show that life expectancy in the presence of COVID-19 is equivalent to levels observed in Brazil as far back as 20 or more years in some states. EXPERIENCE 15 years of experience in Shared Services, BPO, Finance, Business and Investment. (Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co, Weinheim, 2020). endobj Correspondence to xCv+}jE`MGA-k8E5YYM The G at each frequency describes an adhesives ability to dissipate energy. & Garenne, M. The 1918 influenza epidemics effects on sex differentials in mortality in the United States. In contrast, when acetic acid was reacted with ethanol/water, the conversion was only 68%. Effect of economic recession and impact of health and social protection expenditures on adult mortality: a longitudinal analysis of 5565 Brazilian municipalities. Ranzani, O. T. et al. Previous studies used this approach to estimate life tables in the presence of COVID-19 (refs. Lett. Mechanical recycling is not feasible because the crosslinks prevent melting. Prod. Defined and directed strategic marketing and go-to-market plans. These are some examples of deteriorating health conditions that not only will generate a higher demand for healthcare services but also might affect future mortality patterns. Sustainable polycarbonate adhesives for dry and aqueous conditions with thermoresponsive properties, Recent advances in biodegradable polymers for sustainable applications, Hydroplastic polymers as eco-friendly hydrosetting plastics, Moisture outgassing from siloxane elastomers containing surface-treated-silica fillers, End-of-life upcycling of polyurethanes using a room temperature, mechanism-based degradation, Recyclable thermoset hyperbranched polymers containing reversible hexahydro-s-triazine, Water-processable, biodegradable and coatable aquaplastic from engineered biofilms, Packaging materials with desired mechanical and barrier properties and full chemical recyclability, https://www.alliedmarketresearch.com/pressure-sensitive-adhesives-market, https://www.statista.com/statistics/282732/global-production-of-plastics-since-1950, https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2019-11/documents/2017_facts_and_figures_fact_sheet_final.pdf, https://www.ellenmacarthurfoundation.org/publications/the-new-plastics-economy-rethinking-the-future-of-plastics-catalysing-action, https://www.futuremarketinsights.com/reports/super-absorbent-polymer-market, https://www.petrochemistry.eu/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/150727_EBAM-Eco-profile-Acrylic-Monomers-1.pdf, http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/, Closed-loop chemical recycling of cross-linked polymeric materials based on reversible amidation chemistry, Functional Acrylate Polymer Synthesis: Postpolymerization Modification Approach. why can't the other wybie talk, dealership mission statement, both lda and pca are linear transformation techniques,